Völkermorde im Kaukasus - genocides in caucasus
>> Shida Kartli (Südossetien) in Georgien 2008 - Russische Truppen vertreiben Georgier in eigenen Land Invasion Russlands im August 2008 Human Rights Watch: Russian Cluster Bombs Kill Civilians in Georgia Human Rights Watch: Georgian Villages in South Ossetia Burnt, Looted 2008 wurden alle Georgier aus Südossetien vertrieben. 1989 lebten in dem Gau Südossetien innerhalb Shida Kartlis ca. 65.000 Osseten, 29.000 Georgier und 5.000 versch. Herkunft, weitere 99.000 Osseten auf Georgien verteilt. Abchasien in Georgien 1992-93 Georgian genocide - English - mit Fotogalerie Sukhumi Massaker - 27. September 1993 - Sukhumi massacre - 27/9/1993 - Die Wahrheit über Abchasien 1992-93 Andrew Andersen - RUSSIA VERSUS GEORGIA: ONE UNDECLARED WAR IN THE CAUCASUS THE WAR On July 23, 1992 the Council of Abkhazia (which in fact was never democratically elected) declared the province “a sovereign state”. Two days later The State Council of Georgia declared the Abkhaz declaration invalid. ... WAR CRIMES AND ATROCITIES Offensives of Russian, Apsuan and North Caucasian troops in Abkhazia was accompanied by ethnic cleansing and mass murder of civilians (predominantly Georgians but also Armenians, Greeks and others). Men, women and children were executed in the streets, on the roads, inside their own apartments, houses and back yards. Many people became objects of torture, children were slowly killed in front of their parents, parents – in front of their children. Women were raped, often with the elements of sadism. Refugees recall people being burned to death, disemboweled and dismembered while still alive. The province lost up to 250,000 or 80% of its pre-war inhabitants (up to 30,000 slaughtered on the spot, others flee to Georgia, Greece and Russia). Those who watched news programs on the TV, recall the commands given by Russian officers: “Rebyata, plennykh ne brat!” (Do not take prisoners alive!). Houses and land owned by Georgians and Greeks were taken over by the Apsuans, Russians, Chechens and other newcomers. None of war criminals involved in the above atrocities was ever brought to justice[1]. ... Soviet Union - Georgia March 9 massacre in Tbilisi - 9/3/1956 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history Tschetschenien in Russland Genocide Watch: Chechnya Genozid vor Europas Toren - 10.07.08, Berliner Morgenpost ... Auch wenn Zahlen zu abstrakt sind, um das Leid zu erahnen, sind allein 35 000 Kinder unter bis zu 300 000 Toten zu beklagen, die der Krieg auf tschetschenischer Seite gefordert hat. ... http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschetschenien Ausrufung der islamischen Tschetschenische Republik Itschkeria Mit dem Ende der Sowjetunion 1991 erklärte der tschetschenische Präsident Dschochar Dudajew sein Land, vormals eine an die Sowjetunion gebundene autonome Sowjetrepublik, für unabhängig. Weder der sowjetische Präsident Michail Gorbatschow noch sein Nachfolger, der russische Präsident Boris Jelzin, erkannten die Unabhängigkeit des Staates an. ... http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Tschetschenienkrieg Der Erste Tschetschenienkrieg war ein militärischer Konflikt zwischen der Kaukasusrepublik Tschetschenien und Russland von 1994 bis 1996. ... http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Tschetschenienkrieg Der Zweite Tschetschenienkrieg ist ein militärischer Konflikt in der russischen Kaukasusrepublik Tschetschenien. Er begann 1999 und ist seit April 2009 offiziell beendet. ... Soviet Union There are several documented instances of unnatural mass death occurring in the Soviet Union. These include the Soviet-wide famines in early 1920s and early 1930s and deportations of ethnic minorities. ... The Stalinist deportations are also extremely controversial. During and after World War II, many minority ethnic groups, especially those from the North Caucasus, were exiled to Siberia, usually involving massacres as well. In many cases the targeted group was accused of collaborating with the Nazis. In some cases this was correct, as was the case with the Kalmyks, but with others, such as the deportation of the Chechens, it is usually discredited. According to some authors, such as Tony Wood [129] Chechevitsa (or "Operation Lentil" in Russian, according to Tony Wood, its first two syllables "point a finger at its intended targets", though while the Chechens were the main targets, they were not the only victims) is particularly troubling. The operation is referred to by Chechens often as "Aardakh" (the Exodus). It was initiated on October 13 1943 when about 120,000 men were moved into the Republic of Checheno-Ingushetia, supposedly for mending bridges. On February 23 1944 (on Red Army day), the entire population was summoned to local party buildings where they were told they were going to be deported as punishment for their alleged collaboration with the Germans. The inhabitants rounded up and imprisoned in Studebaker trucks and sent to Siberia.[130][131] Many times, resistance was met with slaughter, and in one such instance, in the aul of Khaibakh, about live 700 people were locked in a barn and burned to death by NKVD general Gveshiani, who was praised for this and promised a medal by Beria. By the next summer, Checheno-Ingushetia was dissolved; a number of Chechen and Ingush placenames were replaced with Russian ones; mosques and graveyards were destroyed, and a massive campaign of burning numerous historical Chechen texts was near complete (leaving the world depleted of what was more or less the only source of central Caucasian literature and historical texts except for sparse texts about the Chechens, Ingush, etc, not written by themselves, but by Georgians) [132][133] Throughout the North Caucasus, about 700,000 (according to Dalkhat Ediev, 724297 [134], of which the majority, 412,548, were Chechens, along with 96,327 Ingush, 104,146 Kalmyks, 39,407 Balkars and 71869 Karachais). Many died along the trip, and the extremely harsh environment of Siberia (especially considering the amount of exposure) killed many more. The NKVD, supplying the Russian perspective, gives the statistic of 144,704 people killed in 1944-1948 alone (death rate of 23.5% per all groups), though this is dismissed by many authors such as Tony Wood as a far understatement [135]. Estimates for deaths of the Chechens alone (excluding the NKVD statistic), range from about 170000 to 200000 [136][137][138], thus ranging from over a third of the total Chechen population to nearly half being killed in those 4 years alone (rates for other groups for those four years hover around 20%). Although the Council of Europe has recognized it as a "genocidal act", no country except the self-declared, unrecognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeriaofficially recognizes the act as a genocide. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history Russian Empire - Genozid an den Tscherkessen/Circassians Main articles: Muhajir (Caucasus) and Caucasian War Antero Leitzinger wrote in an article called "The Circassian Genocide", initially published in the Turkistan News, that a genocide committed against the Circassian nation by Czarist Russia in the 1800s has been almost entirely forgotten, and that it was the largest genocide of the nineteenth century.[84] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajir_%28Caucasus%29 Muhajir (Caucasus) Several indigenous peoples of the northwest of the Caucasus were forced into exodus at the end of the Caucasian War by victorious Russia. The exodus was launched even before the end of the war in 1864 and it continued into the 1870s, although it was mostly completed by 1867. The peoples involved, mainly the Circassians (Adyghe in their own language), Ubykhs, Abkhaz, and Abaza. ... Although there is no legal continuity between the Russian Empire and the modern Russian Federation, and the concept of genocide was only adopted in international law in the 20th century (ex post facto law), on 5 July 2005 the Circassian Congress, an organisation that unites representatives of the various Circassian peoples in the Russian Federation, called on Moscow first to acknowledge and then to apologize for Tsarist policies that Circassians say constituted a genocide. Their appeal pointed out that "according to the official tsarist documents more than 400,000 Circassians were killed, 497,000 were forced to flee abroad to Turkey, and only 80,000 were left alive in their native area."[18] The movement has since been campaigning for the recognition of the "Circassian genocide".[19] Nevertheless, whether it is considered genocide or not, just as is the case with the Armenians and Jews, the Circassians view the memory of the brutal expulsions and killings by the hand of Russia and the suffering they caused as a central part of the Circassian identity. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tscherkessen Die Tscherkessen waren einst das zahlreichste und wichtigste Volk des nördlichen Kaukasus. In Europa ist das Volk unter dem Namen „Tscherkessen“ bekannt; sie selber nennen sich „Adygen“. ... In der Geschichte wurden die Tscherkessen unter verschiedenen Namen bekannt, wie Kassogen[5], Keschaks oder Kerket. Die europäischen Begriffe wie „Tscherkessen“, „Circassian“ gehen vermutlich auf die vorgenannten Bezeichnungen zurück. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians ... Today, only a minority of Circassians live in their divided ancestral homeland, mainly in three republics of the Russian Federation (Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia and Adygea), the majority having been forced to migrate to the Ottoman Empire following the 19th century Russian conquest of the Caucasus. ... In the recent study titled "Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome-Wide Patterns of Variation (2008)", geneticists using more than 650,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) samples from the Human Genome Diversity Panel, found that the Adygei (Adyghe) Circassian population has mixed lineages from Central/South Asian, and European populations.[11] Notable Circassians ... Maria Temryukovna — Wife of Ivan the Terrible ... Cem Özdemir - Co-chairman of the German Green Party ... | allgemein - general
>> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide#International_prosecution_of_genocide http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocides_in_history - Überblick zu allen Zeiten http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/convention/text.htm Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide (relevant
links) ... http://www.preventgenocide.org/de/recht/konvention/text.htm Konvention über die Verhütung und Bestrafung des Völkermordes Deutchland, Schwiez, Österreich, Schweiz, Germany, Austria, Switzerland Vereinten Nationen Generalversammlung Resolution 260 A (III) vom 9. Dezember 1948. Inkrafttretens: 12 Januar 1951. Liste der Beteiligter zur Konvention (UNHCHR) Nationen, die sind NICHT Beteiligtes zur Konvention I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | X | XI | XII | XIII | XIV | XV | XVI | XVII | XVIII | XIX
www.agb-antigenozidbewegung.de Grundlagen – Beispiele – Auswege
HistorieDie Definition des Strafrechtsbestands „Genozid“ für „Völkermord“ wird in den 1940er Jahren vom polnisch-amerikanischen Völkerrechtler Raphael Lemkin geprägt.Sein Gesetzesentwurf von 1947 wird im Dez 1948 einstimmig von der UN-Vollversammlung angenommen und ist 1951 in Kraft getreten. (aus Kalenderblatt. de: „12.01.1951: UN-Konvention gegen Völkermord tritt in Kraft“) Genozid und MassenmörderSozialpsychologische Studie von Prof. Harald Welzer: „Täter - Wie aus ganznormalen Menschen Massenmörder werden“:
Wesentlichste Artikel(6 von 19) der Konvention über die Verhütung und Bestrafung des Völkermordes (Resolution 96(I)): Artikel I In dieser Konvention bedeutet Völkermord eine der folgenden Handlungen, die in der Absicht begangen wird, eine nationale, ethnische, rassische oder religiöse Gruppe als solche ganz oder teilweise zu zerstören:
Die folgenden Handlungen sind zu bestrafen:
Artikel IV Artikel V Personen, denen Völkermord oder eine der sonstigen in Artikel III aufgeführten Handlungen zur Last gelegt werden, werden vor ein zuständiges Gericht des Staates, in dessen Gebiet die Handlung begangen worden ist, oder vor das internationale Strafgericht gestellt, das für die vertragsschließenden Parteien, die seine Gerichtsbarkeit anerkannt haben, zuständig ist. Konkrete AnwendungSeit der Ratifizierung 1951 ordneten die Vereinten Nationen zwei Verbrechen als Völkermord ein:
Ausdehnung des SchutzesDie Richter dehnten den Schutz auf alle stabilen Gruppen aus (Artikel II). (aus Dr. Selbmann: „Der Tatbestand des Genozids im Völkerstrafrecht, Band 1“)Genozid als PolitikumDie Schwierigkeit liegt nicht nur darin, einen Völkermord entsprechend dieser Konvention nachzuweisen. Vielmehr muss erst der gemeinsame Wille der Staaten vorhanden sein, diesen Schritt zu tun. Hier wirkt erschwerend, dass der UNO-Sicherheitsrat kein neutrales und unabhängiges Gebilde ist. Vielmehr sind seine Entscheide abhängig vom politischen Gewicht, den wirtschaftlichen Interessen und zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen der einzelnen Mitglieder.“ (aus AMNESTY Ausgabe Nov. 2004, Schweizer Sektion: Klaus Lüscher – „Genozid als Politikum“)Beispiel Ruanda„…Ruander zählten für die Welt damals einfach nicht. Die internationale Gemeinschaft sortierte ihre Prioritäten nach nationalen Interessen ... Die internationale Gemeinschaft hat den fundamentalen Fehler, dass sie nicht in der Lage ist, Eigeninteresse zu überwinden ...“ (Romeo Dallaire, ehem. Generalleutnant u. Befehlshaber der UN-Truppe)
Der Genozid in Ruanda war lang geplant, gezielt vorbereitet und
eingeleitet
worden. UN, EU, USA blieben tatenlos trotz rechtzeitiger
Warnung, Alarmierung;
Hilferufe insbesondere durch den Befehlshaber der UN-Truppe
R. Dallaire. (aus
Agenda 21: „Völkermord in Ruanda: 10. Jahrestag“) Bewegungen in der BRD
AGA: Arbeitsgruppe Anerkennung – gegen Genozid, für Verein der Völkermordgegner e.V.Verein türkischer Staatsbürger; brachte Petition mit 11.247 Unterschriften beim Deutschen Bundestag ein zur Anerkennung des Völkermords der Türken an den Armeniern 1915/16. (aus der Homepage des Vereins der Völkermordgegner) |
Zur Seite-about the site  von Deutschen und Georgiern erstellt
für an Georgien Interessierte weltweit |
|